Topic 3: Classification Of Living Things – Biology Notes Form 4
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CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
This kingdom is comprised of multicellular organisms that require complex organic food substances for feeding.
Kingdom animalia is large and composed of wide variety of animals which vary great in structure, morphology and their body function.
Examples of animals
> Human being
> Elephant
> Housefly
> Ants
> Worms
> Birds
> Fishes
> Millipede.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS/FEATURES OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA
The following are general characteristics of kingdom animalia:
1. They have nervous system.
2. They have heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
3. Their cells lack cell wall and chlorophyll.
4. Most have specialized body organs with high level of tissue differentiation.
5. They are multicellular organisms
6. They are Eukaryotes i.e. their cell nucleus is enclosed by a nuclear membrane.
7. They show locomotion
8. They possess a skeletal tissue of different forms i.e. Endoskeleton, exoskeleton or hydrostatic skeleton.
DISTINCTIVE/DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Members of the Kingdom animalia have the following characteristics which collectively distinguish them from members of the other kingdoms:
1. They show locomotion.
2. They have nervous system
3. They have skeletal tissue
4. Most have specialized body organs with level of tissue differentiation
PHYLA OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Kingdom Animalia is divided into several phyla:
1. Phylum platyhelminthes
2. Phylum Aschelminthes (Nematoda)
3. Phylum Annelida.
4. Phylum Arthropoda.
5. Phylum Chordata.
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
This phylum is made up of flat worms.
Platyhelminthes means “Flat worms“. They get their names from their flat bodies.
They inhabit fresh water, salt water and terrestrial habitats.
Examples of flat worms
> Liver fluke
> Blood fluke
> Tape worms
> Planaria
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
1. Their bodies are dorsoventrally flattened.
2. They are bilaterally symmetrical. Their bodies can be cut longitudinally into two identical parts.
3. They have soft epidermis with cilia or covered with cuticle.
4. They use flame cells for excretion and osmoregulation.
5. They are triploblastic. They have three body layers which are ectoderm (outer layer), mesoderm (middle layer) and endoderm (inner layer).
6. They are acoelomates. i.e. no body cavity (coelom).
7. They have no skeletal tissue, respiratory and circulatory system but have excretory, reproductive and nervous systems.
8. They are all hermaphrodites with both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual.
9. They have a distinct head often with some sense organs.
10. They have incomplete digestive system with only mouth where the food enters, no anus, except in class cestoda.
11. Some are free living while others are parasitic
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
1. They have flat unsegmented bodies.
2. They are hermaphrodites.
3. Their digestive system is incomplete. Their digestive system has only mouth and lacks anus except class cestoda.
4. Their bodies are dorsoventrally flattened.
5. Planaria have cilia while others such as liver fluke and tape worm have suckers or hooks.
CLASSES OF PHYLUM PLATHYHELMINTHES
Phylum Platyhelminthes has been divided into three (3) classes, namely:
a. Class Tubellaria.
b. Class Trematoda.
c. Class Cestoda.
(a) CLASS TUBELLARIA
This class is made up of free-living flatworms e.g. planaria.
They have cilia on the ventral side of the body.
Planaria is a nocturnal animal that hides under stones during the day and emerges at night to feed on small worms, crustaceans and on dead bodies of large animals. It is a carnivore
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF CLASS TUBE LARIA (TUBELARIANS)
i. They are aquatic, living in fresh water.
ii. Their outer surface is covered with cilia. This helps them to move in water and glide over the surface of stones.
iii. They have only mouth and no anus. Therefore, the undigested food leaves the body by the same opening it enters
The diagram of planaria
(b) CLASS TREMATODA
This consists of parasitic flatworms. E.g. Blood fluke (schistosoma) and liver fluke
(Fasciola hepatica)
Members of class trematoda are called trematodes They have no cilia or suckers for attachment.
The adult fasciola lives in the bile ducts of sheep, goats, cattle and occasionally in humans
Schitosoma are parasites responsible for causing Bilharzia (Schistosomiasis.)
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF CLASS TREMATODA
i. They are parasites.
ii. Some live in the blood stream, ducts or gills or skin of fish.
iii. They have suckers at the anterior end.
The Diagram of Liver fluke
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TREMATODES
i. They cause Bilharzia disease e.g. schistosoma.
ii. They cause damage to internal organs such as liver. e.g. fasciola
iii. They are used in scientific research such as specimens.
(c) CLASS CESTODA.
This consists of Members of this class are parasites e. g .Tape worm (Taenia solium) which infects humans and pigs.
Tapeworm can grow up to ten (10) metres long
Taenia solium found in pigs
Taenia saginata found in cattle
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF A TAPE WORMS
i. They are endoparasites i.e. they live inside the host.
ii. Their outer surface is not covered with cilia.
iii. They have one or more suckers and hooks for attachment to the host.
iv. Their life cycle involves two hosts i.e. Primary host and Secondary host.
v. They lack mouth or gut cavity. They thus absorb digested food from their host through cuticle.
vi. Their bodies are divided into segments called proglottids.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TAPEWORM
Advantage
(i) They are used in scientific research as specimen.
Disadvantages
(i) They deprive human body nutrients by absorbing digested food from the host
(ii) They cause internal injuries to the host and weaken the body of the host.
(iii)They infect livestock such as pigs, hence economic loss in livestock may result.
(iv) They may affect meat consumption.
(v) They cause disease to human e.g.Taeneosis
Adaptations of tapeworm (taenia) to its life inside the host
(i) It has suckers and hooks for attachment to the host.
(ii) It has both sexually and asexually reproduction which ensures its survival
(iii)It has proglottids which release fertilized eggs to the host.
(iv) It has a thick cuticle that protects it against chemicals in the intestines.
The diagram of a Tape worm
2. PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES (NEMATODA)
Aschelminthesis means “round worms”
Are round worms with cylindrical bodies which taper at both ends.
Example of nematodes
> Whip worms ( Trichuris trichiura)
> Hook worms
> Thread worms – infect cats, dogs and children
> Filarial worms (Wuchereria bancrofti) – causes elephantiasis
GENERAL AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE PHYLUM NEMATODA
(i) They have unsegmented bodies
(ii) They have cylindrical bodies which taper at both ends.
(iii)Most are parasites while some are free living.
(iv) They have mouth and anus(complete digestive system)
(v) They have separate sex; the male is smaller than the female.
(vi) They lack a circulatory system.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE PHYLUM NEMATODA
(i) They have unsegmented bodies
(ii) They have cylindrical bodies which taper at both ends.
(iii) They have mouth and anus
(iv) They have separate sex.
The Diagram of Ascaris
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF NEMATODE
(i) They are used in scientific studies as specimen.
(ii) Nematodes that live in the soil feed on decaying matter and therefore play an important role in the recycling of nutrients.
(iii)Other nematodes are beneficial in attacking insect pests.
(i) The parasitic nematodes infect man, hence depriving him nutrients and cause internal injuries.
(ii) Other nematodes damage crops like coffee, causing them to have lower yields and eventually death of the plant.
3. PHYLUM ANNELIDA
-Annelida means “ringed”
-This phylum is made up of worms whose bodies are made up of rings called Segments e.g. Earth worm, leech, lug worm and rag worm.
GENERAL AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF PHYLUM ANNELIDA
1. They have long body divided into many segments.
2. Their bodies have metameric segmentation e.g. each body segment has complete organs.
3. They use nephridia excretion.
4. They possess bristles called Chaetae for locomotion.
5. They are triploblastic i.e. they have three layers of the body.
6. They have body cavity (coelom) hence called coelomates
7. They live in fresh water, sea or on land.
8. They have complete digestive system with mouth at the most (anterior) segment and anus at the hindmost (Posterior) segment.
9. They have well developed circulatory, digestive system and excretory system.
10. They have hydrostatic Skeleton.
CLASSES OF PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Generally the phylum Annelida has been divided into three classes namely:-
(a) Class polychaeta.
(b) Class oligochaeta.
(c) Class Hirudinea
(a) CLASS POLYCHAETA
Polychaeta means “many bristles (chaeta)”
This class comprises of mostly Marine Worms e.g. Rag worm, lugworm, sabella, Nereis, Fun worm e.t.c
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF CLASS POLYCHAETA
(i) They have many (numerous) chaeta (bristles)
(ii) They are found in marine inhabitants.
(iii)They have a distinct head.
(b) CLASS OLIGOCHAETA
-This class comprise of the Earth worms and other fresh water members.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF A CLASS OLIGOCHAETA
(i) They have few chaetae.
(ii) They live in fresh water or moist soil.
(iii)They do not have a distinct head
(iv) They are hermophrodites having the clitellum for storage of eggs.
The diagram of the Earth worm
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE EARTH WORMS
1. They are used as food by other Organisms like birds, fishes.
2. They are used in scientific studies as specimens.
3. They are used as bait during fishing activities.
4. They add soil fertility.
5. Their burrowing breaks up the soil and allows plant roots to grow more easily.
6. Their burrowing aerates soil, providing essential Oxygen for respiration of plant roots.
7. Their burrows help water to drain through soil and more easy and prevent water logging.
(c) CLASS HIRUDINEA
-This comprises of leeches.
-Many are free living while some are ectoparasites.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF CLASS HIRUDINEA
(i) They have no chaetae.
(ii) They do not have a distinct head.
(iii)They are usually ectoparasites, the free-living are predators
4. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
This consists of the Arthropods e.g. Grass hopper, Crab, Spider, Millipede, Centipede e.t.c.
Arthropods are most successful animals i.e. about two thirds (⅔) of all named animals in the world are arthropods.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
1. They have jointed appendages/limbs.
2. They have segmented bodies.
3. They have an exoskeleton made of chitin.
4. They are bilaterally symmetrical.
5. They have an open circulatory system.
6. Reproduction is mainly sexual with internal fertilization.
7. They have separate sex.
8. They have well developed head with some sensory structures such as eyes and brain.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
(i) They have jointed limbs.
((ii) They have segmented bodies.
(iii)They have an exoskeleton.
(iv) They have open circulatory surface.
CLASSES OF THE PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Generally phylum Arthropods is divided into five (5) classes namely:
a. Class insecta
b. Class crustacea
c. Class Arachnida
d. Class Diplopoda
e. Class Chilopoda
(a) CLASS INSECTA
-This class is made up of insects e.g. Grasshoppers, housefly, bees, beetles, ants, cockroaches, wasps, bedbugs and locust.
Insects are the most successful animals on the Earth as they occupy every habitat on the Earth such as air, water and soil and they are numerous (many) than other animals.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF CLASS INSECTA
1. They have three body parts i.e. head, thorax and abdomen.
2. They have one pair of antennae.
3. They have one pair of compound eyes and simple eyes.
4. They undergo metamorphosis.
5. They have mouthparts which consist of mandibles, maxillae and labium.
6. They have three pairs of legs (6 legs)
7. Most have one or two pairs of wings but some are wingless.
8. They breathe through spiracles and gaseous exchange takes place through tracheal system.
The diagram of the Grasshopper
(b) CLASS CRUSTACEA
This consists of the Crustaceans e.g. crabs, crayfish, lobster, shrimps, prawns, woodlice and water flee.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE CLASS CRUSTACEA
1. They have two body parts i.e. abdomen and cephalothorax.
2. They have five (5) pairs of legs (10 legs) that are modified for swimming.
3. Their body is covered by a hard shell called carapace.
4. Gaseous exchange occurs through the Gills.
5. They have two pairs of antennae.
6. Most are aquatic and few are terrestrial.
7. They have one pair of compound eyes.
8. They have four pairs of mouthparts i.e. maxilla, mandible, labium and labrum.
The diagram of a Crab
(c) CLASS ARACHNIDA.
This consists of the Arachnids e.g. Spider, scorpion, ticks and mites.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE CLASS ARACHNIDA
1. They have two body parts i.e. Abdomen (opisthosoma) and cephalothorax (prosoma).
2. They do not have antennae but they have a pair of pedipalp.
3. They have four (4) pairs of legs (8 legs).
4. Gaseous exchange occurs through the Book lungs.
5. They are Carnivores.
6. They are terrestrial.
7. Most have simple eyes.
8. They do not have mouth parts.
9. They do not have wings.
The diagram of a Spider
(d) CLASS DIPLOPODA
-This is made up of diplopods e.g. Millipedes
DISTINCTIVE/DISTINGUSHING FEATURES OF THE CLASS DIPLOPODA
1. They have an elongated cylindrical body that has many segments.
2. Each body segment has two pairs of legs.
They have one pair of antennae.
3. They are terrestrial living in dump place, moist place and dark place.
4. They have one pair of mouth parts i.e. the mandibles.
5. They have a clearly defined head, while other segments are similar.
6. They have two clups of many simple eyes.
7. They breathe through spiracles but gaseous exchange takes place through the tracheal system.
8. They are herbivores feeding on leaf letter.
The diagram of the Millipede
(e) CLASS CHILOPODA
-This consists of chilopods e.g. Centipede.
DISTINCTIVE/DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF THE CLASS CHILOPODA
1. They have a clearly defined head while the rest segments are similar.
2. They have one pair of antennae.
3. They have one pair of legs in each body segment.
4. They have flattened body.
5. They are Carnivores feeding on insects, spiders and worms.
6. They have poisonous claws in the head.
7. They are terrestrial.
8. Gaseous exchange occurs through the tracheal system. (ix) They have elongated and segmented body (x) They have a pair of simple eyes.
9. They have one pair of mouth parts called mandibles.
The Diagram Of Centipede
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PHYLUM ARTHROPODA (ARTHROPODS)
Advantages
1. Some arthropods like lobsters, prawns and termites are source of food to human.
2. Some are used as fishing baits e.g. crayfish and termites.
3. Some are agents of pollination e.g. Bees and butterflies.
4. Some are used as biological specimens during biological practical e.g. Grasshopper, Bees, Wasps, Millipedes, Centipedes, Crabs, house fly, Mosquitoes and Spiders.
5. Some are used in biological control e.g. Spiders and Centipedes.
6. They increase soil fertility.
7. Some arthropods produce Commercial and beneficial products.
8. Some attract tourists e.g. Butterflies in Tanga.
9. Some are agents of fruit and seed dispersal.
Disadvantages
1. Some cause bites that are poisonous and may lead to death e.g. scorpion, wasps, bees and centipedes.
2. Some are vectors of disease i.e. they spread diseases e.g. Mosquitoes spread Malaria and Elephantiasis, house flies spread Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery and Trachoma.
3. Some destroy crops and forests e.g. Locusts.
4. Some cause damage to the house hold materials e.g. cockroaches destroy books and clothes and termites destroy furniture.
5. PHYLUM CHORDATA
-This phylum consists of the Chordates.
Chordates: Are animals which possess a notochord.
Notochord: Is a slender rod of cells that runs along the back at embryonic stage of development.
Function of a notochord
To strengthen and support the body during embryonic stage of development.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHYLUM CHORDATA
1. They possess a notochord during the early stage of development.
2. The notochord is later on replaced by a vertebral column (back bone) in the adults.
3. They are bilaterally symmetrical.
4. They are triploblastic.
8. They have a closed Circulatory system.
9. They have visceral clefts in embryonic stage.
N.B: Visceral Clefts-Are perforation on each side of the pharynx which later become gills in fish and reduced or modified in other Chordates.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHYLUM CHORDATA
i. They possess a notochord during embryonic stage.
ii. They possess a hollow dorsal nerve cord.
iii. They have a post anal tail.
iv. They have endoskeleton.
v. They have a closed circulatory system.
vi. They possess visceral clefts in embryonic stage.
CLASSES OF THE PHYLUM CHORDATA
-Generally, the phylum Chordata is divided into six (6) classes namely:
(a) Class Chondrichthyes.
(b) Class Osteichthyes.
(c) Class Amphibia.
(d) Class Reptilia
(e) Class Aves.
(f) Class Mammalia
(a) CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
–This consists of the Cartilaginous fishes e.g. Shark, dog, fish, ray fish and skates.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
1. They have placoid scales(Tooth like scales)
5. They have external fertilization
6. They are poikolothermic i.e. their body temperature varies with the changes in the external temperature.
7. Gaseous exchange occurs in the gills.
8. They have asymmetry (Heterothecal) tail.
9. They have homodont dentition i.e. their teeth are of the same size and shape.
10. They have no Operculum, hence their gills are open directly to the out side
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF CHONDRICHTHYES
i. They have placoid scales
ii. They have skeleton made up of cartilages.
iii. They have no operculum
iv. They have asymmetrical tail
v. They have ventral mouth.
The diagram of the shark
-This consists of bony fish or teleosts e.g. Tilapia, Cool fish, Eel.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASS OSTEICHTHYES (BONY FISH)
1. They have Cycloid scales (overlapping scales)
2. They have Skeleton made up of bones.
3. They have terminal mouth.
4. Their gills are covered by an Operculum.
5. Their tail is symmetrical (Homothecal)
6. They are poikolothermic (Cold blooded)
7. Their heart has two chambers i.e. one auricle and one ventricle.
8. Most have an air sac (swim bladder)
9. They have lateral line for sensitivity.
10. They have no external ear.
11. Gaseous exchange occurs through the gills.
12. They are aquatic.
13. Fertilization is external.
14. They have stream lined body to reduce aid resistance.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF CLASS OF OSTEICHTHYES
1. They have Cycloid scales.
3. They have terminal mouth.
4. They have an operculum that covers the gills.
5. They have symmetrical tail.
6. They have an air sac (swim bladder) that aids buoyancy.
7. They have a lateral line for Sensitivity.
The diagram of the Tilapia Fish
(a) CLASS AMPHIBIA
-This consists of the amphibians e.g. Frogs, Toads, Salamanders and Newts
GENERAL AND DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLASS AMPHIBIA
1. They have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs.
2. They have bony skeleton.
3. They live in both land and water i.e. they have double life.
4. They have moist and soft skin without scales.
5. They have middle and inner ear but no external ear however they have tympanic membrane (ear drum)
6. They lay eggs with no shell and they have external fertilization.
7. They are poikolothermic (cold blooded).
8. They have three chambered heart with two auricles and one ventricle.
9. Gaseous exchange takes place through gills in tadpole but lungs, skin and buccal cavity in adult amphibians.
10. They undergo metamorphosis.
The diagram of the frog
–This consists of the reptiles e.g. snakes, crocodile, lizard, tortoise, turtles, monitor lizard, chameleon.
GENERAL AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF CLASS REPTILIA
1. They have dry skin with hony scales.
2. They have no external ear.
3. Their skeleton is made up of bones.
4. They are poikolothermic (cold blooded)
5. They have internal fertilization and they lay eggs covered with leathery shell.
6. They are mainly terrestrial with exceptional of turtle which live in water.
7. Gaseous exchange takes place through lungs.
8. Most have four pentadactyl limbs, a few snakes has no limbs.
9. They have homodont dentition.
10. Some have three chambered heart while other have four chambered heart, for example Crocodiles.
QUIZ.
Distinguish between amphibians and reptiles basing on:
i. Skin
ii. Mode of fertilization
The diagram of a Lizard
(c) CLASS AVES
-This consists of birds e.g. Chicken, Duck, Flamingos, Stork, Eagle, Vulture, Crows, Weavers, Sunbird, Kingfisher, Ostrich, Kiwi, Penguins.
GENERAL AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE CLASS AVES
1. Their bodies are covered with feathers except the legs which are covered with scales.
2. They have horny beaks.
3. They have endoskeleton with hollow bones to reduce weight.
4. They use lungs for gaseous exchange.
5. Fertilization is internal.
6. They lay eggs of calcareous shells.
7. They have four chambered heart.
8. They are homoithermic (warm blooded) i.e. they have constant body temperature.
9. They have a streamlined body to reduce air resistance.
10. They have no teeth.
11. They show parental care.
12. They have no external ear, however they have ear drum.
13. They have four pentadactyl limbs although the forelimbs are modified into wings.
The diagram of a bird
F. CLASS MAMMALIA
This class is made up of mammals e.g. elephants, whales, man, lion, bat, chimpanzee, camel, hedgehog, seals, kangaroo, mouse (rat), duck billed platypus e.t.c.
GENERAL AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF CLASS MAMMALIA
1. They have mammary glands.
2. They have heterodont dentition i.e. their teeth are of different size and shapes.
3. Their red blood cells have no nucleus.
4. They have sweet gland in the skin.
5. They are homoiothermic (warm blooded)
6. Their skin is covered by hair or fur.
7. They have outer ear.
8. They have four chambered heart.
9. They have four pentadactyl limbs.
10. They have highly developed brain and hence are said to be intelligent.
11. Most live on land while others such as Whales, Seals and Dolphins live in water.
12. They use lungs for gaseous exchange.
13. They have endoskeleton made up of bones.
14. They have a diaphragm that separates the thorax and abdomen.
15. Fertilization is internal.
16. They give birth to the live young ones, except the monotremes that lay eggs.
17. They take care of their young ones.
UNIQUE FEATURES OF SOME MAMMALS
-Some mammals have unique features that are different from other mammals for example.
1. Some mammals give birth to the mature young ones and keep them in a pouch where they continue growing. These mammals are called Marsupials e.g. Kangaroo.
2. Some mammals live in water i.e. they are aquatic e.g. Whales, Dolphins and Seals.
3. Some mammals are able to fly e.g. Bats.
4. Some mammals lay eggs. These are called monotremes e.g. Duck-billed platypus sping and eater.
The diagram of Rat (Mouse)
1. Some chordates are used in transport e.g. Camels, Horses and Donkeys.
2. Some Chordates are used for security purpose e.g. Dogs.
3. Some Chordates in the National Parks and game reserves attract tourist e.g. Elephants, Antelopes, Lions, Hyena, Giraffes and Zebra.
4. Some chordates like fish, chicken, goats, cows and rabbits are source of food to human and other organisms.
5. Some chordates are important in pollination e.g. Birds.
6. Some chordates produce commercial and beneficial products to human e.g. animal skin which are used for making shoes, hand baps and other leather products.
7. Some chordates are used in biological control e.g. Cats are used to control the population of rats.
8. Some chordates are used in farming activities e.g. Cows and Donkeys are used for digging.
9. Some Chordates are used for commercial purposes e.g. fish, goats, cows, chicken.
10. Some chordates are used as biological specimens e.g. Rats and Lizards
DISADVANTAGES
1. Some chordates are vectors of diseases e.g. Rats spread plague and Rats spread Ebola and Corona
2. Some chordates are dangerous and may cause death to human and other organisms e.g. Lions, Elephants, and Mangoes.
3. Some chordates result to environmental destruction e.g. Human, Cows and Elephants.
REVISION QUESTIONS
1. While carrying out fieldwork, students collected an animal with the following characteristics: four pairs of walking legs, two body parts, no wings and have simple eyes. Name the class to which the animal belongs.
(a) Name the phylum and class to which the animals belong.
(b) State the characteristics of the kingdom to which the animals belong.
(c) What features makes the organisms belong to that class?
3. The following diagram shows an aquatic animal feeding its offspring.
i. Name the phylum and class to which the animal belongs.
ii. State three characteristics only found in the class named above.
iii. State three ways in which the external features of the animal in the diagram can differ from a terrestrial member of the same class.
3. Give two features which distinguish tapeworms from liver flukes
4. (a) List four features that annelids and arthropods have in common.
(b) List two features found in arthropods but not in annelids.
How do the legs of:
5. (a) A millipede differs from those of a centipede? (b) Insects differ from those of arachnids?
6. Name the structure which takes over the notochord in a fully formed organism.
(a) Explain the difference between cartilaginous fish and bony fish.
7. Carefully study the following diagram and answer the questions that follow.
i. Write down the common names of the organisms above.
ii. Write down the scientific name of the organisms above.
iii. What is the mode of feeding of the above organisms?
iv. What is the importance of such mode of feeding to human being?
(b) With examples, state the advantages of organisms in the phylum chordata to human beings.
9. What features distinguish the following groups of animals: Trematoda, Cestoda and Tubellaria?
(b) Name the classes which are included in the phylum arthropoda and name two animals for each class.
i. An arachnid and an insect
ii. A millipede and a centipede
12. (a) Why are sharks, tilapia and rats classified in the same phylum? (b) Name the phylum
14. List the distinguishing features for each class in the phylum Chordata
15. In what way(s) do members of the class Chondrichthyes differ from those of the class Osteichthyes?
16. A man and a frog are different yet similar. Explain
17. What is the importance of dorso-ventrally flattened body in members of phylum Plathyhelminthes?
18. What is the meaning of the following terms?
(a)Acoelomate
(b) Triploblastic
(c)Metameric segmentation
(d) Hermaphrodite
(e)Haemocoel
(f) cephalothorax
19. (a) How Taenia (tapeworm) adapted to its life inside the host? (b) How is an earthworm adapted to its mode of life?
(c) What is the ecological role of earthworms?
21. Outline the differences between tick and a bee.
i. Eukaryotes
ii. Heterotrophs
iii. Multicellular
23. (a) Outline the major difference between Kingdom Animalia and Kingdom Plantae
(b) Why would you not classify a bacterium in Kingdom Animalia?
i. Feather in birds?
ii. Scale in fish?
iii. Fur in mammals?
26. How are birds adapted to their mode of life?
27. Describe the structure of a bony fish, giving the functions of the various body parts.
28. Discuss the negative economic importance of Phylum Chordata.
29. (a) Highlight two reasons for putting:
(i) Hen in the class of Aves
(ii) Whale in the class Mammalia
(iii)Mature lungfish in the class Osteichthyes
(b) State two characteristics, which are shared by both fish and amphibians
(c) Write two similarities between a bird and a reptile.
